govern
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 统治；管理；支配；控制；影响
【形近词：】government, governance, government-funded, self-governing
形近词
government
n. 政府
governance
n. 统治方式；管理方法
【例】[n]管理方法 2007年阅读Text 4
Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in business of every variety.
【参考译文：】当老板们和董事会最终解决了其最糟糕的财务和合规问题并改善了其无效的企业管理方式后，一个新的问题——数据风险问题——正在威胁着他们，使他们出现在那种令人讨厌的(尤其是在美国的)头版新闻标题中，致使公司管理层不可避免地受到惩罚。迄今为止，信息保护一直都是由临时的、底层的信息技术人员承担，并且被认为是诸如银行、电信以及航空等数据丰富的行业所独有的问题，而如今却成为各行业老板的议事日程中的首要问题。
government-funded
adj. 政府拨款的
【例】[adj]政府拨款的 2008年阅读Text 2
The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.
【参考译文：】网络正在使获取科研成果成为现实，那些资助机构同时也在施压，他们质疑为何商业出版商可以通过限制使用科研成果而从这些政府资助的研究项目中获利。
self-governing
adj. 自我管理的
补充词汇
【词组】
be governed by：受约束；被控制
【同义词】
administrate
v. 管理
【近义词】
conduct
v. 引领；引导
interpret
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 解释；了解；认为
【形近词：】interpretation, misinterpret
形近词
interpretation
n. 解释；翻译
【例】[n]解释 2007年翻译
While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
【参考译文：】虽然法律新闻报道的质量有很大不同，但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师提供给他们的解释。
misinterpret
v. 曲解
【例】[n]曲解 2010年阅读Text 4
The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they ________.
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets
【参考译文：】作者认为银行“脱离实际”是因为银行 ________。
[A] 曲解了市场价格指示
[B] 夸大了其资产的真实价值
[C] 忽略了可能存在的坏账
[D] 否认资产出售时的账面损失
补充词汇
【近义词】
define
v. 使明确；解释
specify
v. 指定；详述
prove
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 证明，证实；结果是；证明是；检验；考验；鉴定
【形近词：】improve, proverb
形近词
improve
v. 提高，提升；改善；增进
proverb
n. 谚语
【例】[n]谚语 2007年阅读Text 1
Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] “Faith will move mountains.”
[B] “One reaps what one sows.”
[C] “Practice makes perfect.”
[D] “Like father, like son.”
【参考译文：】以下哪条谚语最接近文章试图表达的主旨？
[A] “精诚所至，金石为开。”
[B] “种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。”
[C] “熟能生巧。”
[D] “有其父必有其子。”
补充词汇
【同义词】
show
v. 说明；表明；表现出
n. (电视或广播)节目，秀
【例】[n](电视或广播)节目，秀 2013年阅读Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
【参考译文：】在2006年电影版的《穿普拉达的女王》(又名《时尚女魔头》)中，梅丽尔·斯特里普饰演的米兰达·普利斯特利责怪其没有魅力的助手，因为她居然认为高级时装不会影响到自己。普利斯特利告诉她，她那件毛衣的深蓝颜色这些年来是如何降格的：它开始时还在时装秀上露过脸，后来成了百货店里的常见颜色，最后出现在折价商品区里。毫无疑问，这个可怜的姑娘就是在那里买到这件衣服的。
【近义词】
confirm
v. 证实；证明；确认
return
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 返回；回来；归来；回答
n. 回报；利润；收益［常用pl.］
【形近词：】returning, overturn
形近词
returning
adj. 回头的
overturn
v. (使)翻转；推翻；撤销(判决)；颠覆
n. 翻转；打翻；颠覆；废除
【例】[adj]被撤销的(此处为overturn的形容词形式) 2013年阅读Text 4
On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.
【参考译文：】在被否决的条款中，大多数人认为国会故意“占领该领域”，亚利桑那州因此侵犯了联邦的优先权。
补充词汇
【词组】
in return for：作为……的回报
industrial
词频 ★★★☆☆
adj. 工业的；产业的
【形近词：】industry, industrialized, industrialization
【例】[adj]工业的 2010年完型
In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.
【参考译文：】1924年，美国国家研究委员会派两名工程师到一家大型电话零件厂监督一系列工业试验。这家工厂名叫霍桑工厂，位于芝加哥附近。
形近词
industry
n. 产业；工业；行业；勤勉
【例】[n]行业 2013年阅读Text 2
Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.
【参考译文：】（美国）广告主协会会长鲍勃·利奥迪斯说，如果(广告)业无法收集有关消费者消费倾向的信息，消费者的处境将会越来越糟。
industrialized
adj. 工业化的
industrialization
n. 工业化
measure
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 量，测量；估量；衡量
n. 衡量；估量；尺寸，大小；[常pl.]措施；办法
【例】[n]衡量；估量 2009年翻译
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
【参考译文：】或许可以说，任何社会机构的价值衡量标准是其在丰富和提升经验方面所起的作用，但是这种作用并不是其初始动机的一部分。
oppose
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 反对；反抗
【形近词：】opponent
形近词
opponent
n. 对手，敌手；反对者
adj. 对立的；敌对的
【例】[n]反对者 2014年阅读Text 2
There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
【参考译文：】尽管在行业内部存在着变革的压力，但是管理者中反对变革的人坚持认为，不让业外人士进入律所可以使律师远离赚钱的压力，而非在道义上为客户服务的压力。
补充词汇
【词组】
be opposed to：反对……；背道而驰
【同义词】
repel
v. 排斥；击退
【近义词】
deny
v. 否认；否认与……有关系；不承认；抛弃
【例】[n]否认 2015年阅读Text 4
Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.
【参考译文：】格伦·穆凯尔可能会否认电话窃听有罪。
counter
v. 反击；反驳
imagine
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 想象；设想；料想
【形近词：】image, imaging, imaginary, unimaginable, imaginative
【例】[n]想象 2011年阅读Text 4
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.
【参考译文：】很难想象，仅仅因为里斯和安吉丽娜使要孩子这种行为看上去如此富有魅力，就让很多人傻到想去要孩子，毕竟多数成年人都知道，养孩子可不像做个发型那么简单。
形近词
image
n. 形象；化身
【例】[n]形象 2008年阅读Text 4
That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.
【参考译文：】这与大多数人记得的历史书中那个砍樱桃树的乔治形象大有出入。
【例】[n]形象 2011年阅读Text 4
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.
【参考译文：】在杂志的封面上，一位漂亮的妈妈抱着一个可爱的婴儿。本周，这种圣母与圣子的形象在杂志上多次出现。
【例】[n]形象 2011年阅读Text 4
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like US Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.
【参考译文：】当然，像《美国周刊》与《人物》这样的名人杂志目前提供的父母形象是非常不切实际的，尤其当父母是像布洛克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。
【例】[n]形象 2011年阅读Text 4
But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
【参考译文：】考虑下面这个问题很有趣：我们每周(在杂志封面上)看到的那些无忧无虑、越来越幸福的父母形象，是否正在无形中稍稍加剧我们对现实生活的不满？就像我们当中一小部分人曾经希望剪个和瑞秋(《老友记》中的单身妈妈)一样的发型，好让自己看上去有点儿像詹妮弗·安妮斯顿(美国著名演员，《老友记》中瑞秋的扮演者)。
imaging
n. 成像
imaginary
adj. 虚构的；想象中的
unimaginable
adj. 难以想象的
imaginative
adj. 创造性的；爱想象的
补充词汇
【近义词】
dream
v. 梦想；想到；梦到
picture
v. 想象；描写
drop
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 落下；下降；失落；放弃；终止
n. 滴；落下；微量
补充词汇
【词组】
drop by：顺道拜访
drop out：退学；退出
【例】退学 2011年阅读新题型
Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
【参考译文：】英语专业博士生中有半数以上在获得学位之前退学，这并不奇怪。
engage
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. (使)从事于；(使)参加；(使)订婚；引起；吸引；聘用
【形近词：】engagement
【例】[v](使)从事于；(使)参加 2016年阅读Text 1
That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.
【参考译文：】那就是运用自身资源并且从事旨在增加其利润的活动。
形近词
engagement
n. 订婚，婚约；约会；约定；雇佣；参与
【例】[n]参与 2014年阅读Text 1
George Osborne’s scheme was intended to encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.
【参考译文：】乔治·奥斯本的计划旨在鼓励求职者积极地参与找工作。
补充词汇
【词组】
engage in：从事于；参加
engage with：交战；与……接洽
【例】与……接洽 2011年阅读Text 3
Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
【参考译文：】比如，在今年早些时候发生的召回危机中，丰田汽车公司较快地开展了精心策划的社交媒介回应行动，包括在推特和社会新闻网站掘客上与客户进行直接交流，从而减少了一些损失。
property
词频 ★★★☆☆
n. 财产；资产；所有物；性质；特性
【例】[n]财产；资产 2009年阅读新题型
Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
【参考译文：】所以，在他看来，文化的各个方面——诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属类别、财产所有权、政府组成形式、技术和食品生产体系——都会随社会演变而发生变化。
补充词汇
【近义词】
asset
n. 有用的物(或人)；财富；资产；财产
【例】[n]资产 2010年阅读Text 4
These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
【参考译文：】这些规则规定，他们必须按照第三方愿意支付的价格来评估某些资产，而非价格经理和监管机构希望卖的价格。
unemployment
词频 ★★★☆☆
n. 失业；失业人数
【形近词：】employ, employer, employee, employment
【例】[n]失业 2007年阅读Text 3
This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.
【参考译文：】这种“额外的劳动者效应”能够支持由失业保险或残疾保险所提供的安全保障系统，从而帮助那些家庭渡过艰难时期。
【例】[n]失业 2014年阅读Text 1
The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.
【参考译文：】英国社会福利的原则已经不再能确保你可以抵御失业的风险以及在灾难发生时让你无条件地获取救济金了。
形近词
employ
v. 雇用；使从事于；使用
【例】[n]雇用 2014年阅读Text 2
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.
【参考译文：】事实上，允许非职业律师参股可以鼓励律师事务所使用高科技，雇用职业经理人专门负责提高事务所的效率，从而减少开支，改善顾客服务。
employer
n. 雇主；老板
employee
n. 雇员；员工
employment
n. 雇用；工作；职业
补充词汇
【词组】
unemployment rate：失业率
demonstrate
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 论证；证明；显示；表明；示威游行
【例】[n]证明 2016年阅读Text 3
But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
【参考译文：】但至少，他们已经证明当公司在法律层面遇到麻烦时，好的形象的证据能为他们争取到一个不那么高昂的处罚。
respond
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 回答；答复；响应；应对
【形近词：】responsible, responsibility, corresponding, correspondent
【例】[n]应对 2013年阅读Text 2
In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
【参考译文：】2月，美国联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟一致同意：行业将开始着手应对“禁止追踪”的请求。
形近词
responsible
adj. 负责的；有责任的；可靠的
responsibility
n. 责任；职责
【例】[n]责任；职责 2007年阅读Text 3
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholescale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.
【参考译文：】可以理解的是，从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，这一切看起来远远不像是履行更多金融责任的机会，在很大程度上反而更像是一种可怕的催化剂：把金融风险全部都转移到其负担已十分沉重的双肩上。
corresponding
adj. 相当的；相应的；一致的；通信的
correspondent
n. (尤指专门报道某一类新闻的)记者；通讯员
补充词汇
【词组】
in respond to：作为回应
in response to：对……做出反应
【例】对……做出反应 2011年阅读Text 2
In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.
【参考译文：】最近几周，雅芳和美国捷运公司的二把手执行官们以想要寻求首席执行官职位为由离职。当董事会迫于股东的压力对继任计划进行审查时，那些没有被选中的执行官们或许也想离开。
afford
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 负担得起；买得起；供给；给予；经得住；承受得起
【形近词：】unaffordable
【例】[n]负担得起 2013年阅读Text 1
Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
【参考译文：】虚荣心会一直存在；只有当人们负担不起可持续性的时装消费时，他们才会开始更有可持续性地进行时装消费。
【例】[n]承受得起 2014年阅读Text 2
Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.
【参考译文：】读法学院院校时负债意味着很多学生不能承受到政府部门或非营利性机构工作的费用，他们不得不全力以赴地工作。
形近词
unaffordable
adj. 负担不起的
【例】[adj]负担不起的 2013年阅读Text 1
People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
【参考译文：】人们对买不起的衣服更感兴趣。
补充词汇
【词组】
afford to：负担得起；承受得起
【例】承受得起 2008年阅读Text 4
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves.
【参考译文：】一方面，南方承受不了没有奴隶的后果。
complex
词频 ★★★☆☆
n. 复合体；综合建筑群
adj. 复杂的；合成的，综合的
【形近词：】complexity
【例】[adj]复杂的 2009年阅读Text 3
This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.
【参考译文：】经济的高速发展需要复杂的政治体制，而这种日益提高的教育水平可能是建立这种政治体制的必要条件，但非充分条件。
【例】[adj]复杂的 2012年阅读Text 3
Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.
【参考译文：】在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究者做出科学发现；编辑和审核者是守门人，控制科学发现公开发展的过程；其他科学家利用新的发现来满足自己的目的；最后，公众(包括其他科学家)接收新的科学发现，以及可能随之而来的科技。
形近词
complexity
n. 复杂；复杂性；复杂的事物
【例】[n]复杂 2009年阅读Text 3
More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
【参考译文：】最近，研究者在调查住宅建设时发现，尽管建筑业的工作十分复杂，但得克萨斯州休斯敦市那些不识字、不会说英语的墨西哥建筑工人却始终达到了最佳劳动生产效率的标准。
补充词汇
【同义词】
perplexing
adj. 复杂的；令人不解的
intricate
adj. 错综复杂的；难理解的
sophisticated
adj. 复杂的；深奥微妙的
ensure
词频 ★★★☆☆
v. 确保；保证
【形近词：】assure
【例】[n]确保；保证 2007年阅读Text 1
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.
【参考译文：】父母们可以做很多事来确保他们的孩子在刚步入成年时一切顺利。
【例】[n]确保；保证 2014年阅读Text 1
What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.
【参考译文：】我们要知道，他的动机在于他对“基本的公平”的热忱。他要保护纳税人，控制支出，确保只有最值得的申请人才能得到救济金。
形近词
assure
v. 向……保证；使……确信
favor
词频 ★★★☆☆
n. 恩惠；帮助；同意；赞成；支持；偏爱；宠爱
v. 赞成；支持；偏爱；偏袒
【形近词：】favorite, favorable, unfavorable
【例】[n]支持 2009年翻译
Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences.
【参考译文：】例如，宗教协会开始渴望获得统治势力的支持，避免邪恶的影响。
形近词
favorite
adj. 最喜爱的；中意的；宠爱的
n. 幸运儿；喜欢的事物；特别喜欢的人
【例】[adj]最喜爱的 2011年阅读Text 3
Consumers may create “earned” media when they are _____.
[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites
[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them
[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products
[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products
【参考译文：】当消费者 _____ 时，可能会创造“免费”媒体。
[A] 迷上特定网站的在线购物
[B] 为推送给他们的商品推销邮件所鼓动
[C] 急于帮助他们的朋友推销优质商品
[D] 热衷于推荐他们最喜欢的商品
favorable
adj. 有利的；良好的；赞成的；赞许的；讨人喜欢的
【例】[adj]赞成的 2011年阅读Text 1
For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
【参考译文：】至少大部分人是赞成的。向来以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托马西尼写道：“太好了！终于来了！”
unfavorable
adj. 不宜的；令人不快的；不喜欢的；不顺利的
【例】[adj]不喜欢的 2010年阅读Text 4
Bankers complained that they were forced to _____.
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B] collect payments from third parties
[C] cooperate with the price managers
[D] reevaluate some of their assets
【参考译文：】银行家们抱怨他们被迫 _____。
[A] 遵循不良资产评估条例
[B] 从第三方收款
[C] 与价格经理合作
[D] 对他们一些资产进行重新评估
补充词汇
【词组】
in favor of：有利于；支持；赞同
【例】赞同 2009年阅读新题型
But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.
【参考译文：】但是在20世纪初期，许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论，赞同文化传播论。
novel
词频 ★★★☆☆
n. 长篇小说
adj. 新奇的；新颖的
【形近词：】novelty
【例】[adj]新奇的 2012年阅读Text 3
Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
【参考译文：】有时，真正新奇的科学发现被人接受和领会需要很多年。
形近词
novelty
n. 新奇性；新颖；新奇的事物
requirement
词频 ★★★☆☆
n. 需求；要求；必要条件
【形近词：】require
【例】[n]要求 2010年阅读新题型
However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
【参考译文：】然而，这些要求都不能阻止大型零售商(甚至一些大型的优质商品生产商和现有批发商)一试身手，因为只要掌握了欧洲批发业的复杂流程，就很可能获得可观的收益。
形近词
require
v. 需要；要求；命令
【例】[n]需要 2010年阅读Text 4
Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.
【参考译文：】成功的市场需要独立的甚至好斗的标准制定者。